Tuesday, February 14, 2017

日常生活与股票

巴菲特 (Warren Buffett) 很喜欢「生活投资学」,从日常生活的小事发掘出投資的理念。如果我们的每笔开销,如饮食、交通、电信、家电等费用,都有人帮你买单,那该有多好?其实这并非不可能,重点是「自己的经济自己救」,只要认真学投资理財,好股票就在我们身边,用好公司的股息,支付日常生活的开销。

每一天,无论我们是在睡梦中、工作中、上班途中都会使用到很多的物品或服务,这些物品及服务或多或少都是我们离不开的日常用品或服务。而这些物品或服务很多都是有在大马股票交易所上市的。

电费与股票
在我们的家里基本上都有很多的电器,而这些电器都必须有电源才能够使用。在马来西亚半岛,电源是由国能(Tenaga, 5347)所供应。你是否想过有没有免费或更加便宜的电源呢?于是我们就研究研究国能这家公司。
Tenaga 最近5年的表现
财政年度
(Financial Year)
现金股息, RM
(Cash Dividend)
股息收益率, %
(Dividend Yield)
每股收益, RM
(EPS)
2012
0.20
2.92
0.7663
2013
0.25
2.86
0.8267
2014
0.29
2.34
1.1459
2015
0.29
2.59
1.0841
2016
0.32
2.18
1.3055

假设我在2012年的第一交易日的开市价买入(03 January 2012Open RM5.48)买入5000股,总共花了RM27,400买入国能的股份。在这5年,我总共收了RM6,750现金股息,平均每个月是RM112.50,这笔钱是不是足够你来付每个月的电费?而且,这笔钱还没有包括资本收益 Capital gain)。假设我在2016年的最后一天的交易日的闭市价(30 December 2016Close RM13.90),那么我的总收益是RM48,850 (资本收益:RM42,100 + 股息:RM6,750)。有了这笔钱,你还需要为每个月的电费而烦恼吗?

过路费/机票与股票
每当佳节来临时,我们也常会烦恼过路费(如果使用高速公路)或飞机票的费用(如果来往东西马)吗?那么,我们是否可以也研究大道公司或航空公司可以解决我们的烦恼吗?
Litrak (6645) 最近5年的表现
财政年度
(Financial Year)
现金股息, RM
(Cash Dividend)
股息收益率, %
(Dividend Yield)
每股收益, RM
(EPS)
2012
0.17
4.18
0.1646
2013
0.17
4.08
0.2567
2014
0.17
4.43
0.2609
2015
0.20
5.51
0.2676
2016
0.25
4.90
0.3346

假设我又在2012年的第一交易日的开市价买入(03 January 2012Open RM3.39)买入5000股,总共花了RM16,950买入Litrak的股份。在这5年,我总共收了RM4,800的现金股息,平均每年收到RM960,这笔钱是不是足够来应付过路费吗?如果,明天这家大道公司突然宣布调涨过路费时,你不再大骂某某某的不是,反而觉得庆幸你拥有这家大道公司呢?不过,我们最常使用的南北大道已经被私有化了,所以买不到它们的股份。

Air Asia (5099) 最近5年的表现
财政年度
(Financial Year)
现金股息, RM
(Cash Dividend)
股息收益率, %
(Dividend Yield)
每股收益, RM
(EPS)
2011
-
-
0.2000
2012
0.24
8.76
0.6580
2013
0.04
1.82
0.1300
2014
0.03
1.12
0.0300
2015
0.04
3.16
0.1940

假设我在2011年的第一交易日的开市价买入(03 January 2011Open RM2.46)买入5000股,总共花了RM12,300买入Air Asia的股份。在这5年,我总共收了RM1,750的现金股息,平均每年收到RM350,那么这笔钱是不是可以当作机票回扣呢?

日常生活概念股
其实类似的股票还有很多,例如,买进供应鸡肉/鸡蛋的Teo Seng (7252)PWF (7134),他们就会请你吃鸡排或鸡蛋;靠着MyEG (0138)的股息,是不是可以帮你免费更新路税呢?IGBREIT (5227)的股息是不是可以帮助你拿去付你每次去Mid Valley购物时的泊车费?SP Setia (8664)的豪宅虽然买不起,但是每年的股息可以帮你付房租。

只要你有MaxisDiGi,家里每個人的手机都可以免费上网。当你从2012年以前开始持有Inari (0166) ,现在你可能可以拥有iPhone每一代的手机呢!

这一切看起來很迷人吧!只要买进好公司的股票,每年领到的股息等于在帮你付账单。只要持之以恒,而且在好股票便宜時多买一点,將來把「日常生活相关」的股票统统网罗齐全,未來的「衣食住行」就都有人帮你买单了!

诚心奉劝读者,要提早做好理財规划,只要能夠认真执行,我相信大家都会有「住得起、玩得起,衣食住行统统不烦恼」的一天。钱不会从天下掉下來,所以人一定要靠自己。


在上述表格中,我特別將每只股票的每股收益显示出來,主要是为了强调买「成长股」的观念。一支好的股票,它的每股收益会每年提升,股息和股价也会跟着成长。而每股收益不稳定的公司,如果可以就应该尽量避而远之。虽然如此,好股还是会碰上倒霉事,如果敢在好股票倒霉时加码买进,存股票的速度会加快很多,你的收益也一定会加速成长!

Saturday, February 11, 2017

What is Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) and Why we invest in REITs?

Definition of Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
Real Estate Investment Trust or REIT is a type of security that invests in real estate through property or mortgages and often trades on major exchanges like a stock which allowing both small and large investors to acquire ownership in real estate ventures, own and in some cases operate commercial properties such as apartment complexes, hospitals, office buildings, timber land, warehouses, hotels and shopping malls and earn rental income from its investment.

In Malaysia, REITs are required by law to maintain dividend payout ratios of at least 90% of its net income, making them a favorite for income-seeking investors. REITs are sold to the public via an Initial Public Offering (IPO), and they are traded like securities in the stock market. Normally, REITs pay a distribution income on quarterly or half yearly basis.


REITs behave similarly like any publicly traded company stocks. However, they are less risky as their income is derived from assets rental, and the tenants are locked in for specific period (normally over 2-3 years before new contracts are re-negotiated). You are assured of a stable income stream almost every year.

Types of REITs:
Retail REITs
These REITs invest in shopping malls. They have their own management team to manage the malls. Their earning mainly derived from the leasing of space to retailers. Earnings from rental may be affected during economic downturn as retailers may default on their rentals if the retailers experience cash flow problems. Retailing is a highly competitive industry, therefore the management needs to create a right tenant mix and be aggressive in promoting activities to drive traffic to the mall to spur business growth.

Residential REITs
These REITs own and operate serviced or rental apartment buildings. The best markets for apartment rental are always in the large cities where limited and costly space affects the level of affordability, thus prompting the population to rent rather than to own properties outright. With consistent demand, rentals can increase, and will ultimately benefit these REITs.

Healthcare REITs
These REITs invest in hospitals, medical centers, nursing facilities and retirement homes. These REITs rely on fee charges by the hospitals and medical centers and income earned from the occupancy of the nursing facilities and retirement homes. Generally, nursing facilities and retirement homes are popular among the aging population, therefore providing the necessary catalyst for the incorporation of healthcare REITs.

In countries where there is a comprehensive healthcare system, there could be reimbursement of fees from government which allows a larger pool of the population to use it medical services, thereby expanding the income coverage. However, any reimbursements by the government are subject to the law, and any change to this law can likewise affect such reimbursements.

Office REITs
These REITs invest in office buildings and derive their income from rental of office space to tenants. In selecting the best office REITs, cities which are the gateways to the larger continent, regional hubs for multinational companies or international financial centers are in focus. Rentals in these cities are expensive, even more so in a booming economy, which lead to increased rental.

Mortgage REITs
These REITs loan money for mortgages to owners of real estate, or purchase existing mortgages or mortgage-backed securities. Their revenue are generated primarily by the interest that they earn on the mortgage loans.

Hotel or Resort REITs
These REITs invest in and manage hotel properties. The occupancy is the main gauge on the performance of these REITs which has to be based on cities with high tourist arrivals or which are top business destinations themselves.

Infrastructure REITs
These REITs invest in basic infrastructure facilities such as water treatment and power plants, gas and electricity supply, and telecommunication infrastructure assets.

Industrial REITs
These REITs invest in major industrial complexes. Occupancy is also an important criteria when assessing the worthiness of investing in these type of REITs.

Logistics and Warehousing REITs
These REITs invest in asset which support the logistics business such as warehouses and distribution centers.

Agricultural or Farmland REITs
These REITs invest in plantations or farmlands, and the source of income is from the leasing of such lands to the farmers.

Hybrid REITs
Not all REITs invest in a specific class of assets. There are some REITs which invest in commercial buildings which includes retail and office assets.

Why invest in REITs?
1.       REITs are easier to trade
REITs are easy to trade where you can do it online or via a broker as it is traded in stock exchange. Besides that, the transaction fees are very minimal.

2.       Investors only invest the amount that can afford
The most striking different between a REIT and property is that investors only invest the amount that the investors are able to afford. With a RM5K (or lower), investors can readily invest in REIT whereas the same amount of money is not even enough for most of the small investors to pay the 10% deposit for a property.

3.       REITs allow you to have a steady and stable income stream
Most of the REITs pay distribution income every quarterly or half yearly. On average, a good REIT will yield a return of 6% to 7% of the amount invested per annum. Investors are assured of a steady income stream over a long period because lease contracts are often secured over a period of 2-3 years. If the demand for the property is strong, investors can be assured that any renewal of existing contracts will come with an increase in rent.

4.       A professional team to manages the properties
All REITs are managed by a professional management team to help secure the best tenants for the properties. Ultimately, investors have a management team who will seek out the best deals for the REIT thus benefitting the investors.

In future article, I will be write the article with actual example to understand the financial of a REIT and list of Malaysia REITs listed in Bursa Malaysia.

Sources:

Wednesday, February 8, 2017

什么是股市?

之前我们的主题 <什麼是股票?> ,我们大概了解到了股票的原始意义。简单来说,股票是拥有一家公司所有权的证明,而拥有股票的人叫股东,所以股东就是一家公司的拥有者。

但是,并不是一日为股东,终生为股东。你可以把这些股票卖给别人,而想要成为公司拥有者的人也可以去买股票来成为股东。这些买卖交易都是在股市进行的。

股市又称股票市场,主要分为两种:初级市场和次级市场。

初级市场或一级市场 Primary Market
新上市的公司为了筹措资金,会发行股票卖给最初的投资人,这种方式就是初级市场。通常,这种发式对我们这些小资本的投资人来说是非常少见的。

次级市场或二级市场 Secondary Market
次级市场就是大部分人所认识的股票市场。若原始股东想要卖股票或外来投资人想要买股票,那么他们就可以在次级市场不断的进行买卖,那么这个不断买卖的市场就是次级市场。
次级市场主要又分成两种:(1) 集中市场;(2) 店头市场

(1) 集中市场
所有上市股票都会在证券交易所,以集合竞价的方式做交易。集中市场交易依照标准合约,由电脑撮合交易,交易量大,价格资讯透明公开,交易迅速,而且有证券交易所保障交易安全。例如期货买卖,证券交易所会保障买方有足额的保证金,到期如约交割。集中市场的缺点是无法提供特別交易契約。

大部分的证券交易所包括大马证券交易所(Bursa Malaysia)都是将所有买卖透过电脑搓合的方式交易,但是还有一些国外的交易所还是使用人工搓合的方式来交易。。

(2) 店头市场 (OTC: Over-The-Counter)
店头市场或柜台交易市场、场外交易是指有价证券不在集中市场上以竞价方式买卖,而是在证券商营业柜台以议价的方式进行的交易。

柜台买卖交易的优点是买卖双方可以洽谈特別交易条件,不需依照集中市场的标准合约交易,例如买卖一年以上的远期外汇(集中市场不提供远期外汇交易)。但店头市场的缺点是市场资讯比较不公开,且无证券交易所保障,到期履约风险大。所以一般来说,店头市场的风险比正规的交易所要大,股票的价格浮动也会更大。

大马股市简史
马来西亚股票交易所(1818.KL)(英文:Bursa Malaysia Berhad),是马来西亚的股票交易所,目前共有922家上市公司成员。

马来西亚股票交易所成立于1964年,随着马来西亚及新加坡在1965年分裂。马来西亚证券交易所成为马来西亚和新加坡的证券交易所。

1973年,由于马来西亚和新加坡的货币之间的互换性停止,马来西亚成立了吉隆坡证券交易所有限公司及新加坡也成立自己的新加坡交易所。

19761214日,吉隆坡证券交易所有限公司转型为吉隆坡证券交易担保有限公司。

1990年,新加坡注册公司正式在马来西亚股市除牌,马来西亚的公司也停止在新加坡上市。

1992年,吉隆坡股票交易所全面电脑化,1993年设立中央存票制,开始进入“无票制”时代。

20034月,沿用了百年的每宗1000股的交易单位,改为每宗100股。

2004414日,吉隆坡证券交易所有限公司正式改名为马来西亚股票交易所(Bursa Malaysia Berhad)。

马来西亚股票交易所于2005318日,在马来西亚股票主板上市。

20099月,马来西亚股票交易所与芝加哥商品交易所建立世界战略合作伙伴关系。

从大马股市的发展史,可以看出,股市或股票交易所的形式虽然不断演变,但所扮演的角色,始终没有改变,第一是作为资本市场,汇集游资,注入企业。第二是作为股票“经纪”撮合买卖双方,以完成交易。股市只是企业股权转让的场所,跟股票的价值无关。股票交易所的责任,是确保交易是在公平及公开的原则下完成。

Source
4. 30年股票投资心得》冷眼

Tuesday, February 7, 2017

什么是股票?

股票(英语:Stock / Share / Equity)是一种有价证卷,是股份公司为凑集资金发給投资者作为公司资本部分所有权的凭证,成为股东以此获得股息(Dividend),並分享公司成长或交易市场波动带来的利润;但也要共同承担公司运作错误所带来的风险。

让我用以下这个简单的例子解释一下股票的原始意义:

假设小A、小B、小C、小D、小E 五个人合开一家 "一定发" 股份有限公司。每人决定出200万马币, 所以公司的资本额共1000万马币。于是这5个人就是股东, 分別拥有這家公司20%的股权。

但是口说无凭口,所以公司法规定股份有限公司设立后必须印制股票交给投资人持有以代表这五人拥有 "一定发" 股份有限公司的证明。

假设股票发行时的面额(Par value)为1元马币,那么"一定发" 股份有限公司共有1000万股(资本额1000/每股1元)。在大马证券行,一张股票(1 lot)就是100股(100 units),于是,这5个人就等于每人拥有2万张股票。

换句话说, "一定发" 股份有限公司的所有权被分成了10万份,每个人各拥有2万份,以后公司的资产赚钱或赔钱甚至公司关闭后的清算都是按照这个比例去分配。


这样解释或许有些读者还是没有感觉,所以以下我举出一个真实的例子。






































这个例子来自于国能(Tenaga53472016年的年度报告中的30大股东。

各位其实可以发现这些股份全部加起来只有70%,那是因为这只是30大的股权表,另外剩下的30%股票都分散在市场上的投资人所持有。

但是,这时候又有一个问题来了!

如果今天国能的其中一位股东想要卖掉他的股票,或者有一个外来的投资人想要买国能的股票,那么他们是透过什么样的方法去买卖股票呢?是私底下买卖吗???

要回答这个问题,就要谈到所谓的 "股市"了。

并不是所有的公司都可以公开发行股票,只有那些获得资格向社会大众发行股票的公司就是人们常说的上市公司。国家规定了严格的标准来衡量那间公司可以上市,那些不可以。基本上,信誉好、产品好、有前途的企业会成为上市公司,所以,这些公司的产品往往都是大家所熟悉的品牌,也就难怪生活中的上市公司无处不在。当然,也有一部分公司上市,只是为了圈钱而已,这种公司我们尽量避而远之。

Source:
3. Annual Report Tenaga National Berhad FY2016