Tuesday, July 4, 2017
Investment Performance 1H 2017
Friday, June 30, 2017
【转贴】全球“最有钱途” 的10大新兴科技
(纽约30日综合电)世界经济论坛发布2017年度全球10大新兴科技榜,从无创技术诊断癌症、空气中提取饮用水的技术、深度学习训练“好眼力”、能将二氧化碳转化为燃料的“人工树叶”等一系列共10大突破性科技入选。
而以上种种新兴科技,每项都是未来世界独当一面的科技新商机。
此榜单由世界经济论坛与《科学美国人》(Scientific American)杂志的专家委员会联合选出,能否在解决全球重大挑战中发挥作用被视为评选的首要标准。
入选的新兴科技均在改善生活质素、促进产业转型和保护地球环境等方面具有巨大潜力。
评选委员会同时对入选技术的成熟程度进行评估,以期帮助其在今后3至5年内得到推广。
以下是2017年度入选榜单的10大新兴技术:
1.无创技术诊断癌症:被称为液体活检(liquid biopsies)的超灵敏血液检查是对抗癌症的又一项进步。首先,它可以在无法实施传统组织活检的时候充当代替者。其次,相比于只提供有限信息的组织样本,液体活检可以提供更为全面的信息。最后,通过锁定循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA),即从癌细胞进入到血液循环系统的遗传物质,可以比依靠症状或影像更快地发现疾病进展或治疗抗性。
2.从空气中提取饮用水:从空气中提取水的技术其实并不新鲜,但现有技术需要高含水量的空气以及大量电力。这个现状正在改变,来自麻省理工学院和加州大学伯克利分校的一个科研团队成功利用多孔晶体(porous crystal)做到毋须电力就实现从空气到水的转换。另一个例子是美国亚利桑那州创业公司——零质量水(Zero Mass Water),他们可以利用离网太阳能系统每天生产2至5升水。
3.深度学习训练“好眼力”:在一张图像面前,人工智能的观察分析能力正在超越医生等人类专家的解读。得益于深度学习(deep learning)这个新兴人工智能领域,电脑视觉技术开始广泛地应用在无人驾驶、医疗诊断、保险索赔损害评估和水位、作物产量监控等领域。
4.人工树叶:这一技术可将二氧化碳转化为液体燃料等其他物质。我们可以模仿叶子来人造光合作用生成和储存能量吗?答案是用阳光活化催化剂(sunlight-activated catalysts)来把水分子分解成水和氢,然后用氢将二氧化碳转换为烃类。在这样的封闭系统内,燃烧产生的二氧化碳将被转化回燃料而不是排放到大气中,这项成果对太阳能和风能产业来说是革命性的。
5.人类细胞图谱:这项国际合作旨在破译人体各种细胞类型的详细功能。项目于2016年10月启动,由Chan Zuckerberg Initiative(面子书扎克伯格夫妇成立的慈善组织)支持,旨在确定每个组织中的细胞类型;了解细胞如何相互作用。该项目的最终产品对于个性化保健来说意义重大。
6.精密农业:在作物生长过程中,通过传感器与成像技术获取实时数据分析,进而提高农业产量。传感器、机械人、GPS定位系统、地图绘制工具、数据分析软件,所有这些工具都被利用起来,为农作物量身定做它们所需要的照料方案。
7.氢燃料电池的新能源汽车:氢燃料电池这种具有前景的零排放技术正在取得进展。到目前为止,氢燃料电池中的催化剂含有价格昂贵的铂,阻碍了技术发展。但是通过努力,目前对这种稀有并且昂贵的铂金属的依赖已经降低。最新的进展包括一种不含铂的催化剂,一些催化剂甚至不含有金属。
8.基因疫苗:由DNA或RNA合成的非蛋白疫苗,可促进人体免疫力提升,预防传染性疾病扩散。与传统的疫苗相比,以基因为基础的疫苗在很多方面来说都更有优越性。
9.可持续发展的生活社区:环保居所的设计不只是为一座房子装上太阳能发电板,设计师们要将整个社区的房屋连接起来,打造能源循环、资源共享的可持续发展体系。将绿色建造一次应用于多种建筑中,有潜力为我们所消耗能源和水的数量带来革命性的改变。
10.量子电脑:量子电脑几乎有着无限的潜力,而它也正在取得进展,2016年,科技企业IBM为公众提供渠道,接入第一台提供云服务的量子电脑。目前共有50多家创业企业和全球大公司,专注于让量子电脑成为现实。
来源:http://www.enanyang.my/news/20170630/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%9C%80%E6%9C%89%E9%92%B1%E9%80%94-%E8%BF%9910%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E4%BD%A0%E8%A6%81%E7%9F%A5%EF%BC%81/
Sunday, June 4, 2017
高股息率投资策略
资本收益(Capital Gain)和股息收入是投资股票的两种获利来源。从长期投资的角度来看,股息回报在总回报中占据重要地位。长线资金更偏好高股息率(High Dividend Yield)投资策略。
股息率,Dividend Yield = (每股股息)/(当前市价)* 100%
在投资实践中,高股息是衡量企业是否有投资价值的重要衡量标准之一。温莎基金的投资组合经理约翰·聂夫是高股息投资策略的成功实践者。作为比肩彼得林奇、巴菲特的投资大师,约翰·聂夫从开始执掌温莎基金,31年间温莎基金的累计投资回报率近56倍,年平均收益率超过市场收益率达3%以上,累计平均年复利回报率达13.7%,同期标普500指数收益为22.3倍。
在大马股市一向来都不会缺少高股息率的股票,假设我们要找股息率比定期利率(FD Rate @ 3.0%)的两倍,我们可以找到至少有29只股票给了最少6%的股息,而5年平均至少6%的股息率也有32只。而以下的图表所显示的,是经过笔者的特别拣选出来的:
Notes:
1. Price as of 2 June 2017.
2. 5 years and 3 years average DY > 6%.
3. PE below 20.0x
但需要提醒投资者的是,高股息策略的难处在于需要避开“价值陷阱”,即投资者以此前的历史业绩来预估未来水平,可能遭遇一旦买入后股息率即下降的尴尬局面,导致高股息率策略的失败。在关注高股息个股的投资者中,不少投资者是计划长期持有个股、持续分享高比例的现金分红,但如只是看重单一的股息率或看似惊人的分红预案,或有可能掉入高股息个股的“价值陷阱。
比如BJ TOTO,由于非法测字越来越猖狂,以致她们的季度表现一季不如一季。虽然所给的股息率很高,可是,您的资本收益可能会随着她们差劲的表现而缩水。所以,虽然高股息率策略是属于长期的投资策略,我们还需要至少每个季度评估我们的股票,也要时刻对大环境不断的更新,这样我们的投资生涯才会长久(不是住“豪华套房”),我们的资本才会增长!
股息率,Dividend Yield = (每股股息)/(当前市价)* 100%
在投资实践中,高股息是衡量企业是否有投资价值的重要衡量标准之一。温莎基金的投资组合经理约翰·聂夫是高股息投资策略的成功实践者。作为比肩彼得林奇、巴菲特的投资大师,约翰·聂夫从开始执掌温莎基金,31年间温莎基金的累计投资回报率近56倍,年平均收益率超过市场收益率达3%以上,累计平均年复利回报率达13.7%,同期标普500指数收益为22.3倍。
在大马股市一向来都不会缺少高股息率的股票,假设我们要找股息率比定期利率(FD Rate @ 3.0%)的两倍,我们可以找到至少有29只股票给了最少6%的股息,而5年平均至少6%的股息率也有32只。而以下的图表所显示的,是经过笔者的特别拣选出来的:
Notes:
1. Price as of 2 June 2017.
2. 5 years and 3 years average DY > 6%.
3. PE below 20.0x
但需要提醒投资者的是,高股息策略的难处在于需要避开“价值陷阱”,即投资者以此前的历史业绩来预估未来水平,可能遭遇一旦买入后股息率即下降的尴尬局面,导致高股息率策略的失败。在关注高股息个股的投资者中,不少投资者是计划长期持有个股、持续分享高比例的现金分红,但如只是看重单一的股息率或看似惊人的分红预案,或有可能掉入高股息个股的“价值陷阱。
比如BJ TOTO,由于非法测字越来越猖狂,以致她们的季度表现一季不如一季。虽然所给的股息率很高,可是,您的资本收益可能会随着她们差劲的表现而缩水。所以,虽然高股息率策略是属于长期的投资策略,我们还需要至少每个季度评估我们的股票,也要时刻对大环境不断的更新,这样我们的投资生涯才会长久(不是住“豪华套房”),我们的资本才会增长!
Monday, May 1, 2017
Monday, March 20, 2017
投资策略(Investment Strategy)
股票市场的形势千变万化,外在现象纷繁复杂,但其实内在规律就相对的稳定和简单,依据规律制定操作计划能在一定程度上避免被变化万千的表面现象所迷惑和欺骗,从而达到防范风险的目的。
投资策略(Investment Strategy)是每一种投资的核心。若是我们在投资上没有任何的策略就等于盲人骑瞎马,其风险可想而知。策略是将知识和行动连接起来的桥梁,是行动的依据,也是约束我们行为的纪律准则。每当作出任何投资决定前,拟好一个周详的投资策路是致胜的关键。凭直觉选股的仓促行动不是明智之举,所以投资时要先定下一个投资策略。
理念是策略的根基。当然理念如果是经过实践和时间检验了的,人们就更倾向于信任它。为此,应尽可能地进行历史的检验。然后是即时实验,检验的时间越长,其有效性就越高。
而每个人也有最适合自己的策略,所以每种策略都必须根据最适合自己的个人条件量身定做。每种策略都必须根据一些制约如投资目标、耐心、情绪控制力、兴趣、刺激感、性格、精力、财力、能接受的风险水平来制定适合自己的策略。
以下是我所能够想到的一些策略:
1.
平衡型投资策略
2.
稳健型投资策略
3.
保守型投资策略
4.
积极型投资策略
5.
趋势型投资策略
平衡型投资策略
大马股市每隔一段时期都会有一次循环的发生(大概10年),也就是说大马每隔10年就会有一次财富从新分配的机会。平衡型的原理很简单—把平常投入股市资金的金额和保留的现金各分为一半(50:50),当股市多头时,在股市投入的资金会因为股市上涨而增加,这时投资者就可以逢高套利,以让股票和现金达成原先的平衡,即各为一半;当空头发生时,这时投入的资金就会因股市下调而缩水,那么投资者可趁股票变便宜时,逢低买进,再把股票和现金达到原本的50:50。这个策略的目的是要让投资者养成逢高卖出,逢低买进的习惯,长期下来,你就会发现总投入的资金和保留的现金会慢慢的向上发涨。
原理说明:
假设初始投资金额为RM100K,那么股票和现金为RM50K股票和RM50K现金金額各(比率为50:50)。
当股市多头时,假设原本投入的股市资金成长到RM80K,然后进行平衡动作。(股票:现金=65:65)。
当股市空头时,假设原本投入的股市资金缩水到RM40K(股票:现金=40:65),进行逆市再平衡(股票:现金=52.5:52.5)。
当景气从谷底反转到多头高峰时,通常投入股市的资金,大约会呈现翻倍的现象(假设股票资金翻倍,那么股票:现金=
105.0:52.5),然后再进行平衡动作(股票:现金变为78.75:78.75)。
长时间这样操作下来,你会发现,你的投资资金水位会呈现成长的走势(从原本的RM100.0K变成RM157.5K。
选股原则:
为什么要在空头发生时,还要保留一些股票而不是把全部股票卖出?一般的情况下,投资者是很难察觉空头即将发生,而空头发生时,股票下跌的速度很快,投资者除了来不及反应,也斩不下手。所以这时选股变成非常重要,最好是每次在景气低弱的时候买进有派发股息的优质股。选有派发股息的优质股的好处是:
有派发股息:只要你在现金股息殖利率(Dividend
yield)4%以上时,低价买进,这些股票不卖也没关系,因为股市空头多数只维持大约半年至一年,所以就算你卖掉所有股票换成现金,存到定存,银行的一年期定存利率也不到4%。
优质股:除了有派发股息,最好也是优质股。因为除了优质股的公司比较不会倒闭之外,当景气反弹时,优质股的股价最后一定有恢复到它真正价值的能耐。
稳健型投资策略
每当股市大崩盘时,你都把它当作是“股市大减价”或“公司跳楼大拍卖”来看待的话,那么你就非常适合这种投资策略。
华尔街流行着这样的故事:有一群在走到人生最后一阶段,及在华尔街上得到足够的经验及掌握成功的老手。在股市大崩盘时,这些大部分在家里享受很久的这些老手就会在这个时候现身,拿着拐杖,一拐一拐的走进股票行。这时,他们总会把银行里的全部存款买进绩优股,也只有在这种紧急状况下,他们才会允许自己满仓。这些聪明的老家伙本来一直都在休息,等待这种不可避免的恐慌发生,而且恐慌通常都会每隔几个季度定期爆发,等到恐慌的威力逐渐消退时,他们会迅速的套利,把所有的利润存回银行里,或是购买更多的高级住宅,做为永久投资后剩下的钱存在银行里,然后再度回到自己的家里“冬眠”,等待下一次机会的出现。
基本上,一般人很难这样做,因为踫到恐慌时,大家都会听到一句话——现金为王,所以大家会卖出股票,减少亏损,保有现金。但在大部分有很长投资经验的老手来说,获利最好的都是在崩盘后开始反弹的那一年,比如最近的2009年。
所以平常投资时,务必不要用光所有的资金,保留一些资金,等待股市恐慌爆发的来临选择绩优股。
保守型投资策略
若你平常投资工具是银行定存(FD),而又想找个每年利息比银行定存高一些,那这种方法就很适合你。
保守型投资策略,其实是现金殖利率法,只要挑选好的公司,且每年都会稳定的派发现金股息。只要股票现金殖利率(Dividend
Yield)为6.0%以上时就买进股票,那么什么是现金殖利率?
现金殖利率=现金股息/股价*100%
例如当现金股息为RM0.06时,股价来到RM1.00时(0.06/1.00*100=6.0%),就可以买进。就好像你把RM10K(RM1.00*10000股)拿去放定存,可以拿到RM600(RM0.06*10000股)的利息(年利率为6.0%),若你买到股价低于RM1.00以下那就更好,但是若股价高于RM1.00就记得不要买进,否则就会赚了股息赔了股价。
积极型投资策略
若你平常花很多时间在股市上(阅读财经新闻、研究产业发展及公司财报的追踪),那你就很适合这种投资策略。
盈余是推动股价的主要动力,如果动力不足或熄火,股价就会下跌。本益比(Price Earnings Ratio /
PER)是你打算付出多少钱,购买未来成长的指标,而盈余年成长率与预测的未來成长率是决定本益比的主要因素。如果每股盈余每年持续高成长的公司,显然是理想的投资的指标,如果你能夠用低于大盘平均值的本益比,买到这种股票,就是找到无价的珍宝。
请记住,股价会上涨只有两个基本原因,一是盈余成长,二是市场提高这家公司的本益比,但是市场会不会提高公司的比益比,比较难以预测,而盈余成长率可从财报的公布中预测出来,所以投资者可以在宣布年报或季度业绩前不久,以有利的价格买进本益比大大低于盈余成长的股票。若接下來公布的季度和财报不如预期,则要卖出。
趋势型投资策略
“市场永远不会错,个人的意见常常都是错的”。所以趋势型投资策略就是顺应股市趋势走向投资,不要做无畏的抵抗。顺从市场的意见而舍弃自己的看法确实不容易,而且,如果你越聪明,那可就更困难了。市场永远只做它想做的事,和市场唱反调的结果只会让你损失而已。
目前市场上有许多的线图和技术指标来判断股市趋势的走向,若你不看线图,也可以每天记录价格的变动,来找出最高点(头部)和最低点(底部)。
有时候可能是某些其它的原因,大戶开始慢慢撤离股市,造成趋势向下而走跌,若你沒有即时发觉,可能要等到那些原因消失,大戶又开始慢慢回补进场,那你才有可能有机会解套,若那某些原因是基本面的因素,有可能一时之间,你都无法解套了。
成功的选股条件有60%到65%取决于你对一家公司的每个关键基本面的了解,另外35%到40%则取决于你对技术型和市场交易情況的了解。所以趋势型投资策略,并不是寻找卖到最高点和买到最低点的策略,而是股价从反转关键点往上走,会放心大胆地抱着它,假如股价脱离关键点后朝着相反的方向走,则自动出清持股。
Saturday, March 11, 2017
Factors affecting the price of warrants
The price of warrant is determined by the factors as follow:
1.
The price of the mother share (or underlying
security)
2.
Exercise price
3.
Time to expiry
4.
Share price volatility
5.
Interest rate
6.
Dividend rate
When the following increases…
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Impact on Call Warrants Price
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Impact on Put Warrants Price
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Share price
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Exercise price
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Time to expiry (getting neared to expiry)
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Share price volatility
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Interest rate
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Dividend rate
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Share Price
As warrant is derivative from the underlying security or
share, there is a direct relationship between the share price and the price of
the warrant. For call warrant, the relationship between underlying share price
and warrant is positive. When the share price rises, the greater the chance the
warrants get exercise and therefore the warrant price increases. For put
warrant, the situation is reversed. When the underlying share price rises, the
lesser chance the investors exercise the right and therefore the price of the
put warrant drops.
Nevertheless, the price of the warrant may not necessarily follow
the underlying share as it has its own demand and supply, and in the case of
structured warrants, the market making of the issuer is based on implied
volatility.
Exercise Price
The exercise price of a call warrant has an inverse
relationship with the price of the latter. The higher the exercise price, the
lower the price of the warrant as warrant holders will need to pay more to
exercise the warrant. Again, the reverse is true for the put warrants.
Exercise price is usually set prior to the issue of the
warrant. It can be set at a premium or at a discount of the prevailing market
price. It cannot be set lower than the par value of the ordinary share because
it involves the issuance of new share (new shares cannot issued at a lower
price lower than its par value).
The exercise price normally fixed for the entire life of the
warrant. However, there are instances whereby the exercise price can be
adjusted (usually upwards for call warrants and downward for put warrants) when
a certain time line is hit. Warrants with a step-up pricing mechanism for the
exercise price were usually done to encourage early conversion so that the
company can raise some funds earlier. There are also warrants with step-down
exercise pricing mechanisms to avoid dilution of shares due to early exercise
of warrants.
Time to Expiry
The value of a warrant in theory can be divided into two
parts:
Warrant
Price = Intrinsic Value + Time Value
Time value is the value attached to the time left to
maturity. A warrant that has 12 months left to maturity is worth more than a
warrant with 3 months left because a 12-month warrant offers the warrant holder
a greater chance for the underlying of moving in-the-money.
Effectively, time value represents the speculative value of
the warrant that the investor pay the benefit from a favorable change in the price
of the underlying, during the life of the warrant. As the warrant moves closer
to maturity, the time value also decreasing.
Share Price
Volatility
An important element affecting the price of a warrant is the
volatility of the underlying security. The more volatile the underlying, the
greater the potential profits from the warrant. High volatility indicated that
the underlying asset price varies sharply (both up and down) and could exceed
investor expectations. Thus, both call and put warrants prices are benefited by
higher volatility.
There are two types of volatility:
·
Historical volatility: Calculated based on past
variations in the price of the underlying. Past variations give some idea of
the potential for future variations.
·
Implied volatility of a warrant represents
market expectation of future volatility in the price of the underlying
security.
Implied volatility
The implied volatility of a warrant represents market
expectation of future volatility in the price of the underlying security. When
the implied volatility is 50%, this means that the normal range of a share
price’s movement is +50% to -50% on an annualized basis.
This can be converted into the expected normal trading range
over the shorter period by dividing the annualized volatility by square root of
the number of those periods in a year. For example, there are 260 trading days
in a year, so a “normal” daily movement would be +-3.1% (+-50% / √260).
Warrant issuers typically make money by making a spread on
volatility. This is usually done by marking up and down the implied volatility
of the bid and ask price of the liquidity providers. In more mature markets,
issuers base the implied volatility from the corresponding options market on
the underlying security. In the absence of a corresponding options market, issuers
would have to look at the underlying security’s historical volatility as a
gauge for the bid and ask quotes.
A warrant is said to be fairly priced when the implied volatility
of the warrants is close to the historical volatility of the underlying
security. In most instances, a warrant can be said undervalued when its implied
volatility is less than the historical volatility.
Interest
Rate
Buying call warrants can be seen as buying the underlying
securities or the mother share on margin as the warrant investor only comes up
with fraction of the cost of buying the share. Therefore, when the interest
rate rises, the value of the warrant should rise to reflect the “higher
financing cost” to purchase the share.
For put warrants, a sale of underlying securities may take
place at expiry. The situation is therefore the reverse (the higher the
interest rate, the lower the premium). In fact, if the investor had sold the
shares directly instead of buying a put, he/she would been able to invest the
proceeds of the sale in the money market and would have received interest
income from this.
Dividend Rate
The warrant holder is not entitled for any dividend payment
unless he exercises the warrant prior to the entitlement date of the dividend. As
warrant holders are not expected to exercise the warrants prior to expiry in a
perfect market, expectation of a higher dividend rate will have a negative
impact on the price of the warrant.
For put warrants, higher dividends add to the attractiveness
of the warrants because the share price would be adjusted downwards in a bigger
magnitude when the share goes ex-dividend.
For structured warrants, an issuer usually takes into
consideration the expected dividend from the underlying share during the
warrant’s tenure in determining the issue price of the warrant. Hence, if the
dividend rate is as per expected, the price of the warrant should not be
affected. However, if the dividend rate is above expectation, the price of the
warrant will likely to be affected, although if the share price rises on a
higher than expected dividend payout, the negative effect of the higher than
expected dividend rate may be mitigated.
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